UNIT 3: COMMUNICATION

UNIT #3: COMMUNICATION

In this Unit, you will :
Look at a range of communication methods and their related vocabulary
Practice Short answer Questions
Practice Multiple Choice Questions
Look at pick-from-a-list Questions.

Lets check Observations,
Ways of communication
Where we use them now a days?
Where were we used?
List some pros and cons of each method?

select the four most important forms of communication from the list:
1. you, your friends and family
2. The world of business
3. The world of education
4. People who travel


Justify your Choices .
Discuss these points

  1. Give two reason why people might not choose to use some of the means of Communication  listed above.
  2. In your opinion which of the communication methods in above list are likely to still be with us in the year 2100? Give the reason for your answer . 

Communication Vocabulary
Matches words column A with words from Column B , and words from column B with columns C to form useful about communication.



                  A
                    B
                      C
Business
Communication
A message
Channels of
Communicator
Breakdown
Direct
Communicative
Door
Effective
Communicatively
Effectively
Global
Communicate
In sign language
Internal
communicating
Problems
Mass

Skills
Non-verbal

Systems
online


Poor


Regular


Skilled


Successful



Complete these sentences with expressions from Exercise 1
1.      Not speaking the same language as your customers can lead to ………………………………………..
2.      One thing a(n) …………………………… can do is to build trust with the other person.
3.      The key to ………………………….. is to speak clearly and with a smile on your face.
4.      It’s imperative to have good …………………………. When you work in sales
5.      All big companies invest massively in ………. such as video-conferences facilities.
6.      I’m in……………. with every member of my family.
7.      According to social scientists, about 70% of our message is conveyed by the ……………………….
8.      Even when relationships between countries are bad. It’s important to keep ……………………… open.
9.      The ability to ……………… is important when you have deaf friends
10.   Letter writing has largely been replaced by …………………….

Working from Context:

Which forms of communication do these sentences relate to?
  1. I only follow people that follow me, and I never open DMs from people I don’t know.
  2. You’re through to Ms Grubshaw
  3. I recently found out that by holding down a key for longer. It makes the number appears rather than a letter.
  4. Use more expensive paper and have your address and contact details printed at the top pf the page if you want to make a professional impression.      
  5. Standing there with your hands in your pockets in an unironic shirt and shoes that have never known polish: what kind of impression do you think you are making?
  6. There seems to be a problem with the printing mechanism. So, you’ll have to send it away to be repaired.



LET's START SPEAKING PRACTICE TEST

For the Speaking test Examiner will take your 15 to 20 minutes and it is divided into three section 
Speaking Part 1:
General Questions
Speaking Part 2:
Examiner will give's you a card and you have to speak on it for two minutes.
Speaking Part 3:
Examiner will further do two way communication with you.
Lets start with Speaking Part
Speaking Part 1:
Examiner will ask you numerous personal question about your personal and professional life;
It may take five minutes.
How are you?
What is your name?
May I see your proof of identification?
How old are you?
Can u tell me about your self and and your family?
You live in an apartment or in the flat?
Do you work or study?
What is the name of your college/ university?
What subject are you studying?.
Which part of the course do you enjoy most?
Why did you choose to study that?
Is it a difficult subject to study?
What is your favourite subject?
What kind of school did you go to?
What was your favourite subject at school?
What is the best thing about your university/school?
What part of university life do you like best?
What is the educational system like in your country?
What are your future study plans?
What kind of job would you prefer after graduation?
What is your career plan after you graduate?
Why are you taking the IELTS test?

The History of Manchester


Although the history of Manchester stretches back to Roman times, when a small settlement grew up around the Roman fort known as Mamuciam, it was not until the later years of the eighteenth century that it became a population centre of any great magnitude. Records indicate the population grew from 10,000 to approaching 80,000 in just a few decades, increasing to around 150,000 by the Industrial Revolution, which saw its transformation into the country’s and the world’s leading industrial metropolis.

The engine for this change was cotton, which began to be imported via the port of Liverpool and which was delivered by canal to Manchester in the latter part of the eighteenth century. The rapid and profitable boom in textile manufacture saw the streets of Manchester and surrounding towns become home to huge numbers of cotton mills, textile print works and engineering workshops. The expansion of transport links facilitated this development. In 1824, one of the world’s first public omnibus services began in Manchester, quickly followed in 1830 by the opening of the first steam passenger railway linking

Liverpool and Manchester.

Often overlooked, however, was the ‘human fuel’ that made all this possible. The promise of work, however poor the pay, however bad the conditions, resulted in wave after wave of immigration from the surrounding countryside and abroad, the villages and towns of Ireland in particular, where terrible poverty and the threat of famine drove whole families to leave everything they knew for a life in ‘Cottonopolis’, as the city was dubbed.


Paraphrase practice

Decide if these expressions from the text above are similar in meaning to the expressions in italics or not.

1 of any great magnitude                  of some size and importance
2 metropolis                                      capital city
3 the engine for this change              what was mainly responsible for this development
4 rapid …boom in                             quick change in
5 facilitated this                                 made this possible
6 often overlooked                            with a view over a particular place


Identifying text types
We read different sorts of texts in different ways and for different purposes. For example,
we don’t read a telephone directory for pleasure, or try to learn facts from an advertisement. Being able to identify what sort of text you are reading helps you in many ways. Understanding the purpose of the text and knowing how the author expects you to react gives you control over how to read it more effectively.

Work in pairs. Discuss the differences between the types of text below.
Think about:

  • format and layout 
  • fact and opinion 
  • register and language 
  • grammar and vocabulary 
  • headings and illustrations 
  • length.


1 an advertisement / a history book
2 a legal document / a newspaper article
3 a personal story / a book review
4 an information leaflet / an encyclopaedia

Skimming for style
Read these extracts (A–H) from different types of text about immigration and
match them to the text types in Exercise 4.

1.
Immigration derives from the Latin word migratio and means the act of a foreigner entering a country in the aim of obtaining the right of permanent residence. Immigration may have economic or political motivation, or be a matter of family reunification or caused by natural disaster.
In many cases, immigrants simply desire to improve their circumstances by relocating.

2.
Timofey Pnin is surely one of the most memorable of Nabokov’s characters. We meet a bald and middle-aged teacher of Russian, and discover that he’s completely lost. Much that he encounters in the world around him is a source of confusion, including timetables, the use of articles in English and also – comically – the habits of the Americans who are his neighbours. These are all things that many if not all fellow immigrants are likely to have in common with him. Yet Pnin is a unique character, both in life and in literature.

The precise date of the first human occupation of Australia is likely to remain unknown, but evidence has been uncovered to suggest human presence on the continent for at least 4 0,000 years. Migration from europe dates from 1788, when the first transports bearing convicted criminals made the long journey south. This was quickly followed in the early 1790s by the first wave of voluntary – and hence free – immigrants.


UNIT-2 HEALTH, WEALTH AND HAPPINESS

UNIT-2 HEALTH, WEALTH AND HAPPINESS
IN THIS UNIT, YOU WILL:
PRACTISE SKIMMING
SCANNING AND SPEED READING TECHNIQUES
STUDY AND PRACTISE SENTENCE COMPLETION
READ DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEST 

Skimming
 “skimming” is used to quickly find the main ideas of a text, and that skimming is often done at a speed three to four times faster than normal critical reading speed.
·         Ask: When might you use skimming?
·         In what situations is it useful?
·         Suggest to students that skimming is useful if they have a great deal of material to read in a short amount of time, or to quickly ascertain whether a text (like the daily newspaper) merits a closer read.
Review the following skimming strategies:
·         Read the first and last paragraphs of an article first.
·         Notice the titles and headings and subheadings.
·         Look at the illustrations, graphs or other visuals on the page
·         Read the captions of the visuals.
·         Read the first sentence of each paragraph.
After the end of the lesson you should skim the front page of any newspaper.
Once the class is clear on the strategies, each student should skim the front page of The New York Times. Next, have a class discussion about the various stories that caught their attention and why.
The Learning Network’s Daily News Quiz invariably takes most of its material from that day’s printed front page of The Times, though it is possible that not every question is from there. 
Scanning
The scanning is a technique we already use, for instance, when looking up a word in a dictionary or trying to find a specific phrase or number on a printed page. When they are scanning, they move their eyes to find specific words, numbers or phrases.
Scanning often comes before skimming. for example, scanning can be used to determine if a resource has the information you are looking for. once the resources are scanned, it can then be skimmed for more detail.

Reading techniques & strategies
1.      skin the passage (read quickly to get general content and layout)
2.      read the questions
3.      identify the type of question
4.      remember your techniques and tips for that question type
5.      find a key word or information in the question to help you locate the answer in the passage.
6.      Scan the passage by passing your eyes over the paragraphs to find the key word or information from the question.
7.      When you find the location, read the sentences before and after
8.      Always read around the answer to check other information and look for traps
9.      Try to understand the few sentences around the location of the answer
10.  When you find the answer, mover to next question
11.  Don’t spend too long trying to find one answer
12.  Remember that each answer is only worth one point. 
Getting Started

SCANNING
These photos show important factors for staying. Healthy. Discuss the questions below.


To what extend is cost a factor in these things?
Which of these factors most often occurs in the news in your country? Why?
Rank these factors from 1 to 10 in term of importance for your health
1= most important

  •   not smoking
  •  not drinking alcohol
  • getting enough sleep
  • avoiding stress
  • eating healthy food
  • keeping in touch with friends and family
  • taking regular exercise
  • avoiding exposure to the sun
  •  avoiding polluted areas
  • getting immunized against preventable diseases 
Rank the factors from 1 to 10
1

5

9

2

6

10

3

7



4

8




Discuss these questions.
1.      Why do some people find it difficult to do the right thing for their health and well-being?
2.      Do you think enough is done to promote campaigns for/against any of the factors in Exercise 2?
3.      Which of these things should be controlled by the government, and which should be left to the individual? 
Health and happiness collocations
Make as many collocations connected with health and happiness as you can by combining words and phrases from box A with those from box B.

Chill out
Condition
Cut down on modified starch, cut down on smoking, cut down on spirits
Factor
Feel good factor
Fiddle
On cloud nine
Headache
Out of condition
Lifestyle
Sedentary lifestyles
Modified starch
Splitting headache
Moon
Be in high spirits
Nine
Watch out, watch your weight
Out
Stop smoking
Smoking

Spirits

Your weight


Complete these sentences with collocations from Exercise 1.
1.      Victoria has been in high spirits ever since she got into Cambridge University
2.   The diet magazine says that a good way to lose weight is to cut down on modified starch.
3.    When Petra got her exam results, she was on cloud nine/over the moon. She passed with flying colours.
4.      I Put in such long hours at work that when I get home I just chill out
5.      My grandfather's 93, but he's as fit as a fiddle
6.    It is common for footballers to say they are over the moon/ on cloud when they are asked how they feel about winning a big match.
7.      Our dependence on computers has meant that many of us lead a sedentary lifestyle.
8.      That noise is giving me a splitting headache.
9.      The single most important thing anyone can do to improve their health is stop smoking
10.  Physical exercise releases endorphins into your blood, and that gives you a feel-good factor
11.  I can't have any chocolate. W's not an allergy - I'm just watching my weight
12.  I'm going to start jogging again because I'm out of condition

Discuss to what extent you agree with these comments, and explain why.
You can decide to be happy, whatever your circumstances
You have to work at being happy is something you cant really control
Health and happiness are connected , you cant be happy if you’re not healthy.



Skimming and scanning
While you can go into the IEL TS test with a lot of confidence and even enthusiasm, one  thing you don't have a lot of in the exam is time. Your ability to read quickly and to process the information effectively is of paramount importance. Each text that you have to read will be up to 900 words long, so you need to develop the ability to read quickly. Two key techniques that can help you do this are skimming and scanning. Skimming strategies Skimming involves running your eyes quickly over the text to find out the main ideas contained within it. I t is useful to: 
·         read the questions first to know what you are looking for
·         read the title of the text and any subheadings
·         read the first paragraph to see where the article is heading
·         read the first line of each subsequent paragraph
·         read the last paragraph, which may include a summary and/ or conclusion 
see how any diagrams or pictures could relate to the article 
While skimming, u should:
·         try to read three or four times faster than normal
·         get a good idea of what the article is about without checking new words in the dictionary
·         underline key words, e.g. dates, places, figures
·         focus on key words like nouns, verbs, adjectives. 
Scanning strategies When you look for someone's name in a telephone directory or look a word up in a dictionary, you don't read every line. You can scan through the text to find the information that you are looking for. For this to be successful, you need to know what you are looking for. That means you should read the question first and identify key words in it to guide you. It is useful to:
·         read the questions so you know what you are looking for
·         find the relevant part of the text as quickly as possible
·         avoid reading the text line by line
·         avoid mouthing the words as you read
·         be aware of key words in the distractors that may also occur in the text.

They may wrongly make you think you have the right part of the text. While scanning, you should: 
·         look for key words in the text - nouns that reflect the questions, and words like problem, solution, idea, goal, improvement, danger
·         look for key words that help you interpret the text and the writer's opinion - verbs like must, can, help, ensure, increase, offer, measure, change and adjectives and adverbials like probably, without doubt, definitely, possible, much worse
·          think of paraphrases for key words from the question and look for them in the text.

 The two strategies - skimming and scanning - work together. If you have skimmed the text effectively, then you will have a better idea of where to find the information you are looking for. You may have underlined an important fact, date, figure or key word. While scanning, you may notice other key words which you can underline.

Five ways to practise skimming and scanning
1.      Get into the habit of reading longer texts and articles in English regularly.
2.      Pay particular attention to the first and last paragraphs of an article.
3.      To get the key ideas of a text, before you read , ask yourself: who, where, what, why, when and how? Try to find the answers to those questions as you read through an article.
4.      Don't focus on new vocabulary, and don't use a dictionarPractise your skimming and scanning with the article below about happiness. Read it quickly to find out what it says about the following:
  • sources of happiness
  • the relationship between happiness and politics
  • research into happiness
  • living standards and happiness
  • how to measure happiness
  • how different countries promote happiness
  • How can we measure happiness?y on your first reading of a text.
  • Don't try to vocalize the text as you read - use your eyes, not your voice

How can we measure happiness?
J by Philip Johnston
Western leaders are looking beyond traditional indices of economic and social well-being and turning to ways of measuring national happiness.
What makes you happy? The smell of new-mown grass on a spring morning, perhaps; or the laughter of your children. For many of us, happiness is spiritual, individual, difficult to define and ephemeral. A Buddhist monk with no possessions beyond his clothes and an alms bowl might consider himself happier than a City financier with homes on three continents.
Personal happiness is something we all aspire to; so what about national happiness? Can the well-being of a country be measured? Is it possible to aggregate all those individual experiences into a happiness index that can be published quarterly, along with crime statistics, inflation rates and unemployment figures? Some political leaders think it is. They subscribe to the idea that measuring a nation's well-being by its economic output is a policy dead-end. Is this wise?
 The consideration of happiness and how to maximise it is hardly a new activity. It has exercised great minds from Socrates to Montaigne and on to Bentham, Mill and the authors of the American Declaration of Independence. But while philosophers tended to deal with how we should lead our lives as individuals, the idea of happiness both as a science and a specific aim of national policy has only taken off in the past decade or so.
It is hardly surprising that the idea appeals to many politicians, especially when most of the economic news is gloomy and government policy is couched in the downbeat language of austerity. In such circumstances, looking beyond the traditional measurements of national well-being is a great temptation, even if it risks being criticized as a gimmick that has no place in the serious business politics .
 Moreover, economists believe that the pursuit of public happiness as a policy goal has merit even when the economy is booming. This is because, as their data have become more comprehensive and sophisticated, they have noticed one apparent paradox: that despite the fact that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has increased substantially in the industrialized West, the levels of human contentment have remained static.
This realization encouraged Lord Layard, professor at the London School of Economics and adviser to a former prime minister, to urge the last Labour government to recognize that economic growth need not be an overriding priority. He believed governments should embrace the principle that 'the best society is that where the people are happiest, and the best pol icy is the one that produces the greatest happiness'.
They found this hard to do because so little was known about what made people happy. But, as Lord Layard points out, 'The first thing we know is that in the past 50 years, average happiness has not increased at al l in Britain or in the United States - despite massive increases in living standards.' In better-off countries, in other words, simply raising incomes does not make people any happier.
In truth, Prime Minister David Cameron has been thinking along these lines for a whi.le. Shortly after he became Tory leade~ in 2005, he said: 'Well-being can't be measured by money or traded in markets. It's about the beauty of our surroundings, the quality of our culture and, above all, the strength of our relationships. Improving our society's sense of wellbeing is, I believe, the central political challenge of.our times.' He added: 'It's time we admitted that there's more to life than money, and it's time we focused not just on GDP but on GWB - general well-being.'
In order to avoid a politically biased view of what 'constitutes national contentment, it would be essential to have an independent body such as the Office for National Statistics deciding what questions to ask and when to do so. A survey conducted in the middle of a cold, wet January, for instance, might produce significantly gloomier results than one carried out in summer months.
So what might a list of questions contain? Measurements of national wellbeing are already included in cross-border surveys carried out by the UN or the OECD* and include such indicators as a perceived lack of corruption; low unemployment; high levels of education and income; and the number of older people in the labour market. Using such criteria, polls can try to paint a picture of what a country thinks about itself.
It seems that modern politicians have bought so heavily into the idea that the state can do everything that they have deluded themselves into believing it can deliver the most elusive of all human desires: happiness. They have been persuaded that it is possible to measure life satisfaction and that its achievement on a national scale should be a goal of government. The difficulty is to establish an index that does not remain static or decline. After all, which politici~n will enjoy being accused of making his fellow citizens less happy than they were?
 If measuring happiness is a relatively new phenomenon in the West, it has underpinned the public policy of one country for almost 40 years. The Kingdom of Bhutan has pursued the goal of 'gross national happiness' since 1972. In addition t6 the promotion of equitable socioeconomic development and the establishment of good governance, it also stresses the importance of the preservation and promotion of cultural values.
 It probably helps, too, that there is little in the way of traffic, commuting into major cities does not involve an hour-long journey crushed together like sardines, television was banned until 1999 and the Himalayas provide a visual backdrop to a stunning sub-tropical landscape. No wonder they are happy. 
Sentence completion
  1.  Remember you're looking for specific information.
  2. Do a grammar check as your read: does the gap require a singular or plural noun, a verb, an adjective, an adjective plus a noun.?
  3. Use words from the text.
  4. The stem is not likely to have the same words in the text, so skim the text for synonyms and paraphrases.
  5. Be careful with spelling.
  6. Remember that the answers are in the same order as in the text.
  7. Numbers can be written as words or numbers (e.g. ten or 10).
  8. Hyphenated words count as one word (so well-being is one word).

Read the text on pages 22-23 again and complete these sentences with NO MORE THAN THREE words from the text. Use the scanning techniques on page 21 to help you find the answers. Underline the sections of the text that helped you to find the answers.

  1. Some politicians feel that it is not wise to focus on a country's economic output.
  2. Governments have only really taken the importance of promoting national happiness seriously in the past decade.
  3. While the idea of measuring happiness appeals to some politicians, others believe it could be criticized for lacking in seriousness.
  4. Although there have been massive increases in personal wealth, people in the rich West are not happier.
  5. For David Cameron's government, the attempt to increase the sense of well-being of the people is a key priority.
  6. Surveys may have different results depending on the weather, with significant gloomier results being possible for those carried out in winter.
  7. As part of its policy of promoting happiness, the government of Bhutan thinks it is important to ensure the country remains true to its cultural values.
  8. According to the writer, Bhutan has the advantage of having almost no  traffic , which is a source of stress in Western countries.
When you have finished answer these questions.
1.      how long did you take on your first reading?
2.      Which question did you manage to answer?
3.      Do you think you need more practice skimming and scanning?

Word Builder 
One good way of building a large and flexible vocabulary is to focus on word building. For example, in the text on pages, a key word was happiness. Related words are happy, unhappy, happier, happiest, unhappier, happily, unhappily. Can you think of one more?


Spend five minute looking up the words related to happy in the dictionary to find expressions they occur in, then decide which is needed to complete each of these expressions.


1
Happily /unhappily                  Married
6
Many --happy------- returns
2
More than happy -------- to --
7
Lived ----happily ---------- ever after
3
happy---- ------ ------ ----- ending
8
------un happily----------- for me-----
4
happy-------- ------ --------- families
9
----------happy---- hour
5
Keep them happy------ ------ -------
10
-----hapiness------ is a good book


It’s a good idea to do this with one or two key words for each text you read. Which other key words could you choose from the text?
Dealing with new words
It is likely that the texts in the IEL TS test will contain vocabulary that you are unfamiliar with. However, don't panic because:
  1.  you are sure to know the vast majority of the words and expressions in each text
  2. many of the new words or expressions will not be important
  3. important words or phrases are likely to be guessable from the context they are in. 
In the test, you won't be able to use a dictionary, so you need skills and strategies for dealing with new vocabulary. Some of the most useful include:
  • working out the meaning from the context
  • working out the meaning from the form and function of the word or expression
  • ignoring the word or expression if you think it is not important.

Read the text on pages again and highlight every word or expression you have not seen before. Then write them in the appropriate section of this table.

I have not seen this word or expression in English before, but it is very similar to word in my language~.
I have not seen this word or expression I have not seen this word or expression in English before, but I can work out its meaning from the context.





I have not seen this word or expression in English before, and I can't work out its meaning from the context, but this meaning does not affect my overall understanding of the text.
I have not seen this word or expression in English before and I can't work out its meaning from the context, and , as a result , I don’t have an overall understanding of the text.






Vocabulary builder Paraphrase practice 1
Find two-word phrases in the text on pages which match these definitions.
  1.  recently cut grass. New-mown grass.
  2. someone who works in the money markets city financier.
  3. figures showing the level of thefts, physical attacks, etc.  crime statistics.
  4. statistics showing how many people are out of work unemployment figures.
  5. an official strategy developed for a whole country by the leaders of that country government policy.
  6. something that seems to be illogical apparent paradox.
  7. an organization which works separately from the government independent body.
  8. all the people who are in work labor market.

 Which of these phrases are most useful? Find five more expressions in the text that you think are worth learning.
  • The problems of reading slowly:
  • You might not finish all the texts.
  • You create extra pressure for yourself.
  • You probably waste lots of time on sections of the texts that are not relevant to the answers you need.  
  • Slow reading does not necessarily make you a more accurate reader 
  • You, will probably read less in preparation for die test.

Being able to read quickly and accurately gives you many advantages:
·         You get the gist of the texts faster, so can orient yourself more quickly.
·         You will be more confident that you can read. all the texts.
·         You will be more confident of having enough time to answer all the questions.
·         You have more time to check your answers.
·         When preparing for the exam, you can get more practice with a wide variety of texts on different topics.
Read this text, paying attention to the 'chunks' or groups of words between the I marks. One useful technique / to increase your reading speed is this: / when you read a line of text, / which is typically 12- 14 words, / don't let your eyes rest on each word. / This is a very inefficient way of reading. / Your brain should have no problem / coping with chunks of language, / four or five words at a time. / This means you will move your eyes / three times per line, not 14. / It does take practice, / but it is a skill you should develop / if you want to get a good result / in the IELTS test. / This type of reading is / much easier when you know collocations and phrases / because in essence you 'chunk' the text / into groups of words that go together.

Another technique you can use to improve your reading speed is to focus your eyes more or less down the middle of the paragraph you are reading. Your brain can actually notice and make sense of the words around your focus. At first, this can seem strange and might not be easy to do, but it gets easier with practice.

Try to read the text on the next page about the history of Manchester in no more than one minute by focusing on the words in bold. Then decide whether each of these statements is true (T) or false (F).
  1. The text is about the geography of Manchester. False
  2. The text is factual rather than opinion-based. True
  3. Manchester was already an important population center when the Romans arrived. False
  4. The population only started to grow with the Industrial Revolution. False
  5.  Without cotton, the history of the city would have been different. True
  6. The only work available in Manchester was in the cotton mills. False
  7. Transport was an important element of the Industrial Revolution. True
  8.  The attraction of the work available was it was well paid. False
  9. Families in Ireland sent their children to work in Manchester. False
  10. The city briefly changed its name as a result of its rapid growth. False